BOTANICAL ART & ARTISTS
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    • What is Botanical Art?
    • What is Botanical Illustration?
    • Botanical Art History Books >
      • The Art of Botanical Illustration (Blunt)
      • Book Review: Treasures of Botanical Art
    • Herbals
    • Florilegia and Flora
    • Patrons of Botanical Art >
      • About Leonhart Fuchs
      • About Basilius Besler
    • Past Masters - Botanical Art and Illustration >
      • About Maria Sibylla Merian
      • About Elizabeth Blackwell
      • About Georg Dionysius Ehret
      • About Franz Bauer
      • About Sydney Parkinson
      • About Pierre-Joseph Redouté
      • About Marianne North
    • Famous Asian Botanical Artists (600-1900)
    • 20th & 21st Century Botanical Artists >
      • About Arthur Harry Church
      • About Margaret Mee
      • About Mary Grierson
      • About Raymond Booth
      • About Rory McEwen
      • About Pandora Sellars
    • Botanical Photographers
    • Botanical and Herbal Art Online
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    • Botanical Artists in the UK
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    • The Jill Smythies Award
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  • Exhibitions
    • Calls for Entries - OPEN exhibitions
    • Online Exhibitions >
      • ARCHIVE: Online Botanical Art Exhibitions
    • RHS Botanical Art & Photography Shows >
      • ARCHIVE RHS Botanical Art Shows 2007-2021
      • Exhibit Titles at RHS Botanical Art Shows
      • RHS Portfolio Photography (Botanical / Horticultural)
    • Hunt International Exhibition of Botanical Art & Illustration
    • UK >
      • Permanent Collections (UK)
      • Botanical Art Exhibitions at Major UK Galleries & Museums >
        • ARCHIVE: Major Gallery Exhibitions
        • ARCHIVE: Shirley Sherwood Gallery Exhibitions
      • Botanical Art Exhibitions in England and Wales >
        • ARCHIVE: Past Botanical Art Exhibitions in the UK
        • ARCHIVE: Reviews of Annual Exhibitions by the Society of Botanical Artists
      • Botanical Art Exhibitions in Scotland >
        • ARCHIVE: Scotland - Botanical Art Exhibitions
    • North America >
      • Permanent Collections (USA)
      • ARCHIVE Past ASBA Exhibitions in the USA
      • ARCHIVE: Past Botanical Art Exhibitions in the USA
      • ARCHIVE: Past Botanical Art Exhibitions in Canada
    • Europe >
      • Permanent Collections (Europe)
      • ARCHIVE: Past Botanical Art Exhibitions in Europe
      • ARCHIVE: Past Botanical Exhibitions in Germany
      • ARCHIVE: ​Past Botanical Art Exhibitions in Ireland
      • ARCHIVE: Past Botanical Exhibitions in Russia
    • Australasia >
      • Margaret Flockton Award
      • ARCHIVE: Past Botanical Art Exhibitions in Australasia
    • Asia >
      • ARCHIVE: Past Botanical Art Exhibitions in Asia
    • Africa
    • ARCHIVE: World Wide Exhibition of Botanical Art 2018
  • Education
    • Best Botanical Art Instruction Books >
      • Best Instruction Books by Botanical Art Societies >
        • The Art of Botanical Painting - review
        • The Botanical Palette - review
        • Botanical Sketchbook - review
      • Best Instruction Books about Botanical Illustration >
        • Botanical Illustration - Books by Bobbi Angell
        • Botanical Illustration (Oxley) - review
      • Best Instruction Books by top Artists / Teachers >
        • Books By Billy Showell
        • Books - the Eden Project
      • Best Botanical Drawing Instruction Books (Pencils) >
        • Botanical Painting with Coloured Pencils - review
      • e-Booklets / digital guides
      • NEW Books about Botanical Art & Illustration (2020)
      • NEW Books about Botanical Art & Illustration (2019)
      • NEW Books about Botanical Art & Illustration (2018)
    • Tips and Techniques >
      • Tips from RHS Gold Medal Winners
      • Preparation and set-up
      • Botanical Sketching and Sketchbooks
      • Design and composition
      • Colour
      • Pen and Ink
      • How to draw and paint trees and leaves
    • Botanical Art Video Tips >
      • Video Tips: Watercolour Painting
      • Video Tips Coloured Pencils
      • Video Tips: Pencil drawing
      • Video Tips: Painting Flowers
      • Video Tips: Painting Leaves & Trees
    • Online Botanical Art Instruction >
      • CHECKLIST: FAQS about Online Learning
      • ONLINE TIMELINE
    • International Directory: Botanical Art Teachers
    • International Directory of Botanical Art Courses >
      • UK: Botanical Art Courses
      • North America: Botanical Art Courses
      • Europe: Botanical Art Courses & Holidays
      • Australasia: Botanical Art Courses
    • Diplomas and Certificates >
      • SBA Diploma Assignments
    • Distance Learning Courses
    • Talks, Lectures & Tours
    • Botanical Education on Facebook
    • Fellowships, Scholarships, Bursaries and Residencies
  • Materials
    • Paper
    • Vellum
  • Groups
    • National & Regional Botanical Art Societies
    • Florilegium Societies & Other Groups
    • Botanical Art Groups on Facebook
  • Botany
    • Why botany matters to artists
    • Botany Books for artists >
      • Botany for the Artist (Simblet)
      • The Art of Plant Evolution
      • The Concise British Flora in Colour (1965)
    • Scientific botanical illustration
    • Plant Forms and Anatomy
    • Plant Evolution and Taxonomy
    • Plant Names and Botanical Latin
    • Botanical Dictionaries
    • How to Identify Plants
    • Recording a Plant / Sketchbooks >
      • Plant Pressing for your own Herbarium
    • Botanic Gardens & Herbaria >
      • Global and National Networks
      • Herbaria, Seed Banks and Fungaria
      • Botanic Gardens in the UK >
        • Old Botanic & Physic Gardens in London
      • Botanic Gardens in Ireland
      • Botanic Gardens in Europe
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    • Blogs about Plants and Flowers
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Plant Morphology and Anatomy​

This page is about the external and internal structures of plants and how they are described.

Learning about the shapes and structures of plants helps us understand what they look like, how they're put together and how they grow and develop - above and below the ground.

Shapes and structures of plants have two aspects:
  • EXTERNAL - plant morphology helps you to understand more about the external form of plants.
  • INTERNAL - plant anatomy helps with understanding the internal structures of plants, tissue and cells
This page includes links to:
  • resources about plant forms - both external and internal
  • books about external plant forms
  • videos about plant forms and how to identify plants by form

Picture
Victoria Regia : or, Illustrations of the Royal water-lily, in a series of figures chiefly made from specimens flowering at Syon and at Kew by Walter Fitch; with descriptions by Sir W.J. Hooker (Source: Wikimedia Commons | Walter Fitch)

Learn about Plant Morphology
​

Developing an understanding about plant morphology helps with identifying plants. That's because plant morphology is about what a plant looks like in terms of its external appearance.  In terms of history it's largely a German science. It emphasises analogies

Botanists tend to focus on four main structures:
  • comparative structures - looking for what is similar
  • observation of the vegetative and reproductive systems
  • observation of the growth habit
  • observation of development over time - and how plants change as they mature.
General resources

WIKIPEDIA
  • Plant life-form | Wikipedia  Discusses life form and growth form and attempts to classify both
  • Plant Morphology | Wikipedia - the study of the physical form and external structure of plants as distinct from anatomy
  • Glossary of Plant Morphology | Wikipedia - provides help in understanding the numerous other pages describing plants
BOTANIC GARDENS / JOURNALS
  • Plant life-form | Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew A summary of the classification according to the system of Raunkiaer (1934), as modified by Govaerts et al. (2000)
  • The science of plant morphology: definition, history, and role in modern biology | American Journal of Botany - This paper traces the history of the science of plant morphology through the lineage of its principal practitioners
OTHER
  • Plant form and function | McGraw-Hill Higher Education
  • Right Plants 4 Me| RHS - this is a useful plant database produced by the RHS. It's actually aimed at gardeners but also contains a lot of information which helps botanical artists identify plants
  • The science of plant morphology: definition, history, and role in modern biology | American Journal of Botany - an article by Donald R. Caplan reviewing the origins of the study of plant morphology and how this has varied between Europe and the USA
Articles about plant morphology and botanical art
  • The Natural Year: A love of detail - plant morphology
    I have always been fascinated by the morphology of plants, and as a young girl I used to enjoy taking flowers apart looking at their different parts.

Botanical Artists - approaches to plant morphology
  • Niki Simpson - a new approach to documenting plant morphology
    An introduction to a new style of composite, digital botanical illustration. Her work is just phenomenal.
  • Botanical paintings by Carolyn Jenkins
    Carolyn produces very artful depictions of plant morphology
Plant Form: An Illustrated Guide to Flowering Plant Morphology
- by Adrian D. Bell
- Line Drawings by Alan Bryan

Picture
Botanical artists need to understand plant form. This is a classic book, which has been revised and expanded to include the latest information on plant morphology. It simplifies a complex topic and makes it both accessible and manageable.

It doesn't cover cell structure - but if you can see it with a hand lens then it's covered by this book - all the way up to the shape and architecture of trees

​Hard cover: 444 pages
Publisher: Timber Press; New Edition edition (15 July 2008)

Average Customer Rating out of 5 stars:
  • in UK: 5.0 (based on 6 customer reviews)
  • in USA: 4.1 based on 20 customer reviews​
​
BUY THIS BOOK
Plant Form: An Illustrated Guide to Flowering Plant Morphology from Amazon.co.uk
Plant Form - Amazon.com
Handbook of Plant Forms for Botanical Artists
By Margaret Stevens (Author), Ernest E. Clark (Author)
Picture

​SUITABLE FOR INTERMEDIATE & EXPERIENCED FLOWER PAINTERS AND BOTANICAL ARTISTS
 - and particularly those aspiring botanical artists who are following the Society of Botanical Artist's Diploma Course!

​
DID YOU KNOW? When the first book was written there was a government examination paper in Plant Form?
Margaret Stevens's 4th Botanical Art Book - written while Course Director for the Diploma Course offered by the Society of Botanical Artists - is very different from her previous books.

This time the book is a completely revised and expanded version of an old book. This book might appear to disappoint on first look as it's so very different from the previous three books. However, keep reading - this one is much more focused on developing the botanical knowledge of plant forms that all excellent botanical artists need to have.

The original book was written by Ernest Ellis Clark (1869-1932). He started as an an artist for Royal Crown Derby - painting flowers on china - and became Arts Master at Derby College of Art, winning many prizes for art and becoming a National Silver Medallist in Ornament and Design in the National Art Competition

Margaret Stevens has extensively revised and updated the book. It now highlights more than 60 favourite flowers and plants plus a special section on leaf forms for all those who find leaves a bit of a challenge! Each flower has detailed botanical drawings and a painting, along with background on technique and composition. 

Updated images have been supplied by contemporary botanical artists and students from the SBA's Distance Learning Diploma - and are of course in colour as opposed to the black and white plates of the original.

Hardcover: 224 pages
Publisher: Batsford Ltd;
Reprint edition (22 April 2013)


Average Customer Rating out of 5 stars:
  • in UK: 4.4 (based on 7 customer reviews)
  • in USA: 4.1 based on 5 customer reviews

BUY THIS BOOK
Handbook of Plant Forms for Botanical Artists from Amazon UK
Handbook of Plant Forms for Botanical Artists from Amazon.com

Learning about Plant Anatomy
​

Plant anatomy is the study of internal structures - the study of plant tissues and plant cells. The more scientific botanical illustrations focus on anatomy of tissue and cells as well as on the external appearance

Plant anatomy became established and refined into a modern science during the 1600s - and developed over time since that date.
Picture
Illustrations of orchidaceous plants /by Francis Bauer; with notes and prefatory remarks by John Lindley.
The following links are to explanations on Wikipedia
​
Flower anatomy
  • Calyx
  • Corolla
  • Androecium
  • Gynoecium
  • Leaf anatomy
Stem anatomy
  • Stem structure
Fruit/Seed anatomy
  • Ovule
  • Seed structure
  • Pericarp
  • Accessory fruit
Wood anatomy
  • Bark
  • Cork
  • Phloem
  • Vascular cambium
  • Heartwood and sapwood
  • branch collar
Root anatomy
  • Root structure
REFERENCE:
  • Plant anatomy |Wikipedia - explaining the study of the internal structure of plants
  • Plant anatomy | Encylopedia.com 
Picture
RHS Botanical Art Exhibition 2013: Gold Medal & Best Exhibit in Show 2013 - Lauraceae in Korea by Hye Woo Shin (copyright: images - Hye Woo Shin; photo - Katherine Tyrrell) - this demonstrates contemporary illustrations of the complete form and anatomy of examples of the Laurel Family in Korea

Practical identification
​

Buying a Loupe
  • Tips on buying a Loupe - written by a mineral collector but the comments and tips are sound

Using a Loupe in the Field
  • Tools of the extreme botanist’s trade #1: the hand lens Discusses the use of a hand lens in the field (the loupe) and whether to use 10x or 20x magnification
A Triplet Loupe  
for use in the field when examining plants. 

Recommended by BBC Wildlife Magazine. 

It's constructed from metal, has a hole for a lanyard and delivers 10x magnification. The lens has a focal distance 28 mm, 21 mm viewing field and 17mm linear field of view 

Picture
BUY THIS LOUPE (UK)
Triplet Loupe - Amazon.co.uk

Glossary of Botanical Terms
​

Botanical terms are the words used to describe different parts, features and characteristics of a plant. 
REFERENCE:
  • Glossary of Botanical terms | Wikipedia
  • Glossary of plant morphology | Wikipedia
  • Wild Flower Glossary | Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland
  • Glossary of Botanical Terms | Western Australia Flora
  • List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names. | Wikipedia
The Cambridge Illustrated Glossary of Botanical Terms 
by Michael Hickey  (Author), Clive King (Author)

​Michael Hickey has been awarded Silver Gilt and Silver Lindley Medals for his botanical illustrations in pen and ink.
This book aids those who need a reference book for botanical terms.​
​
It comprises
  • 2400 terms commonly used to describe vascular plants
  • includes those features which can only be seen by the naked eye or with the aid of a x10 magnifier
  • the terms are cross-referenced to line illustrations
  • the book includes a section of pen and ink line illustrations ​

​Paperback: 222 pages
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Publication date: 16 Nov. 2000

​​Rated an average of 4.9 out of 5 stars by 15 customer reviews (UK)

BUY IN UK
The Cambridge Illustrated Glossary of Botanical Terms from Amazon UK

Biology Videos
​

First, a really simple and accessible video (with good pics!) about the major plant structures of flowing plants - introduced by Paul Andersen. It includes:
  • a brief discussion of monocot and dicot plants. 
  • the three main tissues in plants; dermal, ground and vascular. 
  • the plant cells within each of these tissues; epidermis, parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerencyma, xylem and phloem. 
  • He describes both primary and secondary growth in plants. 
  • He finishes the podcast with a discussion of double fertilization in plants.
This video is useful at the beginning and thereafter probably gets a tad too biological for most artists. 
BELOW - this video might be the fastest explanation anywhere of plant anatomy - using all the correct technical words and terms!
This video explains how the RHS Database for identifying plants works

Economic Botany
​

Santos Museum of Economic Botany at Adelaide Botanic Garden
The Santos Museum of Economic Botany is one of the last of its kind in the world. It:
  • contains a permanent collection of over 3,000 specimens, much of which dates back to the original display in 1881
  • showcases the practical, medicinal and economic use of plant materials
  • identifies the importance of plants to everyday life in the pat, present and future
Economic botany, simply put, is the study of plants through the perspective of their practical use for humankind.
Museum of Economic Botany | Adelaide

BACK: Scientific instruction in botanical illustration
BACK: Botanical Art and Artists
NEXT: 
  • Plant Forms and Anatomy
  • Plant Evolution and Taxonomy
  • Plant Names and Botanical Latin
  • Recording a Plant
  • Botanical Gardens and Herbaria
  • National Plant Collections
  • Blogs about plants and flowers
Resources about  Botanical Art and For Botanical Artists
ABOUT: About the Author | Contact | Testimonials | Privacy Policy                  COPYRIGHT 2015-22: Katherine Tyrrell  all rights reserved.
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​
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​
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Florilegium & Groups
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​
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 Scientific Botanical Illustration
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BOTANIC GARDENS & Herbaria
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  • Home
    • Site Index
  • NEWS
    • NEWS blog subscription
  • HISTORY
    • What is Botanical Art?
    • What is Botanical Illustration?
    • Botanical Art History Books >
      • The Art of Botanical Illustration (Blunt)
      • Book Review: Treasures of Botanical Art
    • Herbals
    • Florilegia and Flora
    • Patrons of Botanical Art >
      • About Leonhart Fuchs
      • About Basilius Besler
    • Past Masters - Botanical Art and Illustration >
      • About Maria Sibylla Merian
      • About Elizabeth Blackwell
      • About Georg Dionysius Ehret
      • About Franz Bauer
      • About Sydney Parkinson
      • About Pierre-Joseph Redouté
      • About Marianne North
    • Famous Asian Botanical Artists (600-1900)
    • 20th & 21st Century Botanical Artists >
      • About Arthur Harry Church
      • About Margaret Mee
      • About Mary Grierson
      • About Raymond Booth
      • About Rory McEwen
      • About Pandora Sellars
    • Botanical Photographers
    • Botanical and Herbal Art Online
  • ARTISTS
    • Botanical Artists in the UK
    • Botanical Artists in North America
    • Botanical Artists in Europe
    • Botanical Artists in Australia and New Zealand
    • Botanical Artists in Asia
    • Botanical Artists in Africa
    • Botanical Artists in Latin America
    • Botanical Printmakers, Photographers, Sculptors et al
    • The Jill Smythies Award
    • Botanical Artists on Facebook
    • Botanical Art Blogs
  • Exhibitions
    • Calls for Entries - OPEN exhibitions
    • Online Exhibitions >
      • ARCHIVE: Online Botanical Art Exhibitions
    • RHS Botanical Art & Photography Shows >
      • ARCHIVE RHS Botanical Art Shows 2007-2021
      • Exhibit Titles at RHS Botanical Art Shows
      • RHS Portfolio Photography (Botanical / Horticultural)
    • Hunt International Exhibition of Botanical Art & Illustration
    • UK >
      • Permanent Collections (UK)
      • Botanical Art Exhibitions at Major UK Galleries & Museums >
        • ARCHIVE: Major Gallery Exhibitions
        • ARCHIVE: Shirley Sherwood Gallery Exhibitions
      • Botanical Art Exhibitions in England and Wales >
        • ARCHIVE: Past Botanical Art Exhibitions in the UK
        • ARCHIVE: Reviews of Annual Exhibitions by the Society of Botanical Artists
      • Botanical Art Exhibitions in Scotland >
        • ARCHIVE: Scotland - Botanical Art Exhibitions
    • North America >
      • Permanent Collections (USA)
      • ARCHIVE Past ASBA Exhibitions in the USA
      • ARCHIVE: Past Botanical Art Exhibitions in the USA
      • ARCHIVE: Past Botanical Art Exhibitions in Canada
    • Europe >
      • Permanent Collections (Europe)
      • ARCHIVE: Past Botanical Art Exhibitions in Europe
      • ARCHIVE: Past Botanical Exhibitions in Germany
      • ARCHIVE: ​Past Botanical Art Exhibitions in Ireland
      • ARCHIVE: Past Botanical Exhibitions in Russia
    • Australasia >
      • Margaret Flockton Award
      • ARCHIVE: Past Botanical Art Exhibitions in Australasia
    • Asia >
      • ARCHIVE: Past Botanical Art Exhibitions in Asia
    • Africa
    • ARCHIVE: World Wide Exhibition of Botanical Art 2018
  • Education
    • Best Botanical Art Instruction Books >
      • Best Instruction Books by Botanical Art Societies >
        • The Art of Botanical Painting - review
        • The Botanical Palette - review
        • Botanical Sketchbook - review
      • Best Instruction Books about Botanical Illustration >
        • Botanical Illustration - Books by Bobbi Angell
        • Botanical Illustration (Oxley) - review
      • Best Instruction Books by top Artists / Teachers >
        • Books By Billy Showell
        • Books - the Eden Project
      • Best Botanical Drawing Instruction Books (Pencils) >
        • Botanical Painting with Coloured Pencils - review
      • e-Booklets / digital guides
      • NEW Books about Botanical Art & Illustration (2020)
      • NEW Books about Botanical Art & Illustration (2019)
      • NEW Books about Botanical Art & Illustration (2018)
    • Tips and Techniques >
      • Tips from RHS Gold Medal Winners
      • Preparation and set-up
      • Botanical Sketching and Sketchbooks
      • Design and composition
      • Colour
      • Pen and Ink
      • How to draw and paint trees and leaves
    • Botanical Art Video Tips >
      • Video Tips: Watercolour Painting
      • Video Tips Coloured Pencils
      • Video Tips: Pencil drawing
      • Video Tips: Painting Flowers
      • Video Tips: Painting Leaves & Trees
    • Online Botanical Art Instruction >
      • CHECKLIST: FAQS about Online Learning
      • ONLINE TIMELINE
    • International Directory: Botanical Art Teachers
    • International Directory of Botanical Art Courses >
      • UK: Botanical Art Courses
      • North America: Botanical Art Courses
      • Europe: Botanical Art Courses & Holidays
      • Australasia: Botanical Art Courses
    • Diplomas and Certificates >
      • SBA Diploma Assignments
    • Distance Learning Courses
    • Talks, Lectures & Tours
    • Botanical Education on Facebook
    • Fellowships, Scholarships, Bursaries and Residencies
  • Materials
    • Paper
    • Vellum
  • Groups
    • National & Regional Botanical Art Societies
    • Florilegium Societies & Other Groups
    • Botanical Art Groups on Facebook
  • Botany
    • Why botany matters to artists
    • Botany Books for artists >
      • Botany for the Artist (Simblet)
      • The Art of Plant Evolution
      • The Concise British Flora in Colour (1965)
    • Scientific botanical illustration
    • Plant Forms and Anatomy
    • Plant Evolution and Taxonomy
    • Plant Names and Botanical Latin
    • Botanical Dictionaries
    • How to Identify Plants
    • Recording a Plant / Sketchbooks >
      • Plant Pressing for your own Herbarium
    • Botanic Gardens & Herbaria >
      • Global and National Networks
      • Herbaria, Seed Banks and Fungaria
      • Botanic Gardens in the UK >
        • Old Botanic & Physic Gardens in London
      • Botanic Gardens in Ireland
      • Botanic Gardens in Europe
      • Botanic Gardens in the USA
      • Botanic Gardens in Canada
      • Botanic Gardens in Asia
      • Botanic Gardens in Australia
    • Blogs about Plants and Flowers
  • Contact
    • About Katherine Tyrrell
    • About Reviews
    • Privacy Policy