BOTANICAL ART & ARTISTS
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Patrons of
and Expert Commentators about
​Botanical Art

A timeline of the people who encouraged and sponsored botanical art over the centuries
Much botanical art would not exist without the Patrons
These are the people who sponsor the creation of drawings, paintings, books
​- all recording either indigenous and/or cultivated plants discovered around the world and in gardens

Very often botanical art is referred to by the name of the person who sponsored the development of the art and the names of the artists are less evident.

Scope and Purpose

This NEW page aims to be a timeline of patrons across the centuries.

It will also have linked pages which cover particularly prominent individuals who are important to the development of botanical art.

​In part this page is being developed to highlight the distinction between:
  • those who promote the development of botanical art and
  • those who commission botanical illustrations
and
  • those who are botanical artists and illustrators.
Modern collections of botanical illustrations are treaty indebted to the patrons of the past, whose leisured curiosity and horticultural acquisitiveness enabled them to accumulate various “vegetable rarities,” and then to have those plants recorded in drawings or paintings from which published illustrations were prepared. Many of the surviving florilegia, or collections of flower illustrations, are records of the contents of specific gardens. many of the illustrators whose work is now collected earned their livelihood by documenting newly discovered or introduced plants nurtured in private gardens. The artist presented the proud owner, and sometimes his friends, with a plant portrait, usually in watercolor, and in some instances these illustrations were collected and published. Prior to publication it was not uncommon for an artist to prepare several copies of a particular illustration for different patrons.
Patronage and the publication of botanical illustration By Bernadette G. Callery; from The Magazine ANTIQUES, August 1989.

The Patrons

These are the people covered by this page on this website. (in chronological order). The people covered on this page will include the following (there are more names to be added).

Those with
  • their name in bold are listed below
  • a dedicated page on this website have names highlighted in blue - denoting a link to their page. 

16th Century
  • Leonhart Fuchs (1501-1566) 
  • Basilius Besler (1561-1629) re. Hortus Eystettensis
18th Century
  • Hans Sloane (1660-1753) 
  • Karl Wilhelm (1679-1738) 
  • ​Dr. Christoph Trew (1695-1769)  ​
  • Joseph Banks (1743-1820)
  • William Curtis (1746–1799)
19th Century
  • William Cavendish, Duke of Devonshire (1790 - 1858)
  • ​John Lindley (1799 – 1865)
20th / 21st Centuries
  • Wilfrid Blunt (1901-1987)
  • William Stearn (1911 - 2001)
  • Dr. Shirley Sherwood (1933-to date) 
  • Felix Dennis (1947 - 2014)
  • HRH The Prince of Wales (1948-to date)
Many of the large color-plate collections of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were issued in parts over a period of time, with subscribers solicited to help defray the cost. Subscribers’ lists are valuable to collectors and bibliographers for their clues they give to the number of copies printed and for their hints as to where presentation copies with original watercolors or additional plates might be found. Serial publication and subscribers’ continuing payments eased the burden on the original patron but compounded the confusion of later collectors and bibliographers. ​
Patronage and the publication of botanical illustration op cit.

Sixteenth Century Patrons of Botanical Art
​

Leonhart Fuchs (1501-1566)
DEDICATED PAGE - development of Herbals

Basilius Besler (1561-1629)
DEDICATED PAGE - botanist, apothecary and botanical art book publisher and the developer of the first florilegium ​- the Hortus Eystettensis.
Picture
Basilius Besler, Hortus Eystettensis, Nuremberg 1613. Ouvrage illustré de botanique sur papier. Bibliothèque de l'Université de Liège, Wiki Loves Art, Liège, Belgique

Eighteenth Century Patrons of Botanical Art
​

Sir Hans Sloane (1660-1753)
Anglo-Irish physician, naturalist and collector. President of the Royal Society and President of the Royal College of Physicians. He bought the manor of Chelsea and provided the grounds for the Chelsea Physic Garden. His bequest related to his collections formed the basis of the British Museum and subsequently part of the Natural History Museum Collection of Botanical Art.​
Picture
The statue of Hans Sloane seen through the gates into the Apoethcary's Garden in Chelsea - now known as the Chelsea Physic Garden
Karl Wilhelm, the Margrave of Baden-Durlach (1679-1738)
Keen botanist and flower collector and early employer of Georg Ehret
​

​Dr. Christoph Trew (1695-1769)  ​Wealthy German physician and bibliophile who became the lifelong patron and friend of Georg Dionysius Ehret
Sir Joseph Banks (1743-1820)
​British naturalist, botanist and patron of the natural sciences. He:
  • advised King George III to pursue expeditions of scientific discovery
  • appointed botanical illustrators, including Sydney Parkinson, on Captain Cook's voyage to Australia and New Zealand who produced the Endeavour Botanical Illustrations now housed at the Natural History Museum.
  • The Florilegium developed as a result is known as Banks' Florilegium.
William Curtis (1746–1799)
English 
botanist who was the demonstrator of plants and Praefectus Horti at the Chelsea Physic Garden from 1771 to 1777. He 
  • published  Flora Londinensis (6 volumes, 1777–1798) devoted to plants and flowers in London. It was also "one of the most beautiful and important botanical publications of the eighteenth century"
  • published The Botanical Magazine in 1787, which was subsequently continued as Curtis's Botanical Magazine. It has commissioned plates of botanical illustrations for 230 years.
REFERENCE: 
  • Project Gutenberg - The Botanical Magazine
Picture
Statue of Sir Joseph Banks, Natural History Museum, London (Source: Wikimedia Commons)
The botanical magazines, where prints of the orchids appeared, acted as a stage upon which wealthy plant-owners could exhibit their exotic plants and generate public interest in them, asserting their position in the world of fashionable botany.
​

Nineteenth Century Patrons
​

William Cavendish, Duke of Devonshire (1790 - 1858)
  • He was a very keen horticulturist and had developed an interest in horticulture because Chatsworth bordered on the grounds of the Horticultural Society.  
  • He was subsequently elected President of the Royal Horticultural Society in 1838 - and served for 20 years in that post.
  • He might also be said to be a leading figure in the Orchidelirium craze which was prevalent in the 19th century. He developed the world's largest collection of orchids at Chatsworth House - which were looked after by Joseph Paxton, the Duke's Head Gardener at Chatsworth - who he had 'poached' from the RHS!
  • Paxton commissioned Samuel Holden to paint botanical illustrations of orchids in the collection.​ Holden was a prolific painter of exotic plants, especially orchids, in the 1830s and 1840s.
This haste to picture the plants reveals a desire to be the first to claim ownership of a particular species. The botanical magazines, where prints of the orchids appeared, acted as a stage upon which wealthy plant-owners could exhibit their exotic plants and generate public interest in them, asserting their position in the world of fashionable botany.
Victoria and Albert Museum
John Lindley FRS FLS (5 February 1799 – 1 November 1865)
Lindley ​was an 
English botanist, gardener and orchidologist who worked with a number of botanical illustrators and helped save Kew Gardens for the nation. William Hooker had noted his talent and it was he who allowed Lindley to work in his library and who recommended him to Sir Joseph Banks.
  • 1819 - Lindley left for London. Working with great diligence and accuracy from Bank's house in Soho Square, Lindley drew, described and named new varieties of plants with an insight and maturity that gained him a Fellowship of the Linnaean Society at the age of twenty-one.
  • 1820 - after Banks died, the Horticultural Society of London employed Lindley to draw roses. 
  • 1822 - he became garden assistant secretary at the Horticultural Society
  • early 1820s - accepted the appointment of Professor of Botany at University College London, London, England. 
  • 1830 - 1830 - he organized the first flower shows to be held in England. 
  • 1820–1847 - He also edited the ​The Botanical Register 
  • Elected a fellow of the Royal Society of London.  
  • 1838 - investigated the conditions at the Kew Gardens. He recommended that the gardens be turned over to the nation and used as the botanical headquarters for the United Kingdom
  • He was the top authority on orchids of this time and published a number of works.
  • He co-founded The Gardeners' Chronicle and became its first editor.  
  • 1865 - He died at his home at Acton Green, near London, aged 66. 
  • It's a little known fact that Rory McEwen is a direct descendent of John Lindley.​
Picture
John Lindley (1865) - engraving after a photograph
APPRECIATION
  • He was held in high regard by other botanists and was honoured by naming more than 200 species with the epithets "lindleyi", "lindleyana", "lindleyanum", "lindleyanus", "lindleya" and "lindleyoides".
  • The Royal Horticultural Society's Lindley Hall and the Lindley Library  are both named after him. 
PUBLICATIONS:
  • 'Sertum orchidaceum: a wreath of the most beautiful orchidaceous flowers; selected by John Lindley' (1838)
  • "The Genera and Species of Orchidaceous Plants". Illustrated by Franz Andreas Bauer,  (1758-1840) - with notes and text by John Lindley
REFERENCE:
  • John Lindley | Wikipedia
  • John Lindley | Parks and Gardens
  • The Self-Taught Botanists Who Saved the Kew Botanic Garden | William T. Stearn - Taxon (Vol. 14, No. 9 (Dec., 1965), pp. 293-298)
  • John Lindley | Encyclopedia Britannica 

Twentieth Century Patrons
​

Wilfrid Blunt (1901-1987) 
School Teacher and Botanical Art Historian. His book The Art of Botanical Illustration is the 'bible' of botanical art.
​He also taught 
Rory McEwen at Eton and advised him about the botanical illustrators to study
Dr. Shirley Sherwood (1933-to date) 
This a link to her DEDICATED PAGE on this website
​
Botanical Art Collector and author whose family created the Shirley Sherwood Gallery of Botanical Art - the first Art Gallery dedicated to the display of Botanical Art by a variety of botanical artists. Her books have helped promote a renaissance in botanical art.
​
Picture
The Shirley Sherwood Gallery of Botanical Art at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Felix Dennis (1947 - 2014)​
Dennis made his money through publishing and became the 65th richest individual in the UK.

He was absolutely passionate about trees and sponsored
  • the development and planting of a new forest of native broadleaf trees in Central England known as The Heart of England Forest
  • the drawings of ancient oaks around the UK undertaken by Mark Frith - and subsequently gifted (in part) to Kew and exhibited at the Shirley Sherwood Gallery in 2018/19

see also: 
  • A Legacy of Ancient Oaks | Kew Gardens
  • Recording Ancient and Heritage Trees
  • The Heart of England Forest
Picture
Mark Frith: A Legacy of Ancient Oaks - an exhibition of drawings by Mark Frith - commissioned by Felix Dennis
HRH The Prince of Wales (1948 to date) 
Sponsored the development of 
  • the Highgrove Florilegium - recording the plants rowing at his home at Highgrove Garden, near Tetbury
  • the Transylvania Florilegium - recording the diversity of indigenous flora in the unchanged meadows of Transylvania 
  • read more about both the above in the section about Florilegium and Flora​​
Picture
The Highgrove Florilegium
Banner Image: The Physic Garden, Chelsea: a view showing the pair of cedar trees, and the statue of Sloane in the centre of the garden of the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries. Lithograph by H. Warren after J. Fuge. Soource: Wellcome Collection via Wikimedia Commons

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  • Home
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  • NEWS
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  • HISTORY
    • What is Botanical Art?
    • What is Botanical Illustration?
    • Botanical Art History Books >
      • The Art of Botanical Illustration (Blunt)
      • Book Review: Treasures of Botanical Art
    • Herbals
    • Florilegia and Flora
    • Patrons of Botanical Art >
      • About Leonhart Fuchs
      • About Basilius Besler
    • Past Masters - Botanical Art and Illustration >
      • About Maria Sibylla Merian
      • About Elizabeth Blackwell
      • About Georg Dionysius Ehret
      • About Franz Bauer
      • About Sydney Parkinson
      • About Pierre-Joseph Redouté
      • About Marianne North
    • Famous Asian Botanical Artists (600-1900)
    • 20th & 21st Century Botanical Artists >
      • About Arthur Harry Church
      • About Margaret Mee
      • About Mary Grierson
      • About Raymond Booth
      • About Rory McEwen
      • About Pandora Sellars
    • Botanical Photographers
    • Botanical and Herbal Art Online
  • ARTISTS
    • Botanical Artists in the UK
    • Botanical Artists in North America
    • Botanical Artists in Europe
    • Botanical Artists in Australia and New Zealand
    • Botanical Artists in Asia
    • Botanical Artists in Africa
    • Botanical Artists in Latin America
    • Botanical Printmakers, Photographers, Sculptors et al
    • The Jill Smythies Award
    • Botanical Artists on Facebook
    • Botanical Art Blogs
  • Exhibitions
    • Calls for Entries - OPEN exhibitions
    • Online Exhibitions >
      • ARCHIVE: Online Botanical Art Exhibitions
    • RHS Botanical Art & Photography Shows >
      • ARCHIVE RHS Botanical Art Shows 2007-2021
      • Exhibit Titles at RHS Botanical Art Shows
      • RHS Portfolio Photography (Botanical / Horticultural)
    • Hunt International Exhibition of Botanical Art & Illustration
    • UK >
      • Permanent Collections (UK)
      • Botanical Art Exhibitions at Major UK Galleries & Museums >
        • ARCHIVE: Major Gallery Exhibitions
        • ARCHIVE: Shirley Sherwood Gallery Exhibitions
      • Botanical Art Exhibitions in England and Wales >
        • ARCHIVE: Past Botanical Art Exhibitions in the UK
        • ARCHIVE: Reviews of Annual Exhibitions by the Society of Botanical Artists
      • Botanical Art Exhibitions in Scotland >
        • ARCHIVE: Scotland - Botanical Art Exhibitions
    • North America >
      • Permanent Collections (USA)
      • ARCHIVE Past ASBA Exhibitions in the USA
      • ARCHIVE: Past Botanical Art Exhibitions in the USA
      • ARCHIVE: Past Botanical Art Exhibitions in Canada
    • Europe >
      • Permanent Collections (Europe)
      • ARCHIVE: Past Botanical Art Exhibitions in Europe
      • ARCHIVE: Past Botanical Exhibitions in Germany
      • ARCHIVE: ​Past Botanical Art Exhibitions in Ireland
      • ARCHIVE: Past Botanical Exhibitions in Russia
    • Australasia >
      • Margaret Flockton Award
      • ARCHIVE: Past Botanical Art Exhibitions in Australasia
    • Asia >
      • ARCHIVE: Past Botanical Art Exhibitions in Asia
    • Africa
    • ARCHIVE: World Wide Exhibition of Botanical Art 2018
  • Education
    • Best Botanical Art Instruction Books >
      • Best Instruction Books by Botanical Art Societies >
        • The Art of Botanical Painting - review
        • The Botanical Palette - review
        • Botanical Sketchbook - review
      • Best Instruction Books about Botanical Illustration >
        • Botanical Illustration - Books by Bobbi Angell
        • Botanical Illustration (Oxley) - review
      • Best Instruction Books by top Artists / Teachers >
        • Books By Billy Showell
        • Books - the Eden Project
      • Best Botanical Drawing Instruction Books (Pencils) >
        • Botanical Painting with Coloured Pencils - review
      • e-Booklets / digital guides
      • NEW Books about Botanical Art & Illustration (2020)
      • NEW Books about Botanical Art & Illustration (2019)
      • NEW Books about Botanical Art & Illustration (2018)
    • Tips and Techniques >
      • Tips from RHS Gold Medal Winners
      • Preparation and set-up
      • Botanical Sketching and Sketchbooks
      • Design and composition
      • Colour
      • Pen and Ink
      • How to draw and paint trees and leaves
    • Botanical Art Video Tips >
      • Video Tips: Watercolour Painting
      • Video Tips Coloured Pencils
      • Video Tips: Pencil drawing
      • Video Tips: Painting Flowers
      • Video Tips: Painting Leaves & Trees
    • Online Botanical Art Instruction >
      • CHECKLIST: FAQS about Online Learning
      • ONLINE TIMELINE
    • International Directory: Botanical Art Teachers
    • International Directory of Botanical Art Courses >
      • UK: Botanical Art Courses
      • North America: Botanical Art Courses
      • Europe: Botanical Art Courses & Holidays
      • Australasia: Botanical Art Courses
    • Diplomas and Certificates >
      • SBA Diploma Assignments
    • Distance Learning Courses
    • Talks, Lectures & Tours
    • Botanical Education on Facebook
    • Fellowships, Scholarships, Bursaries and Residencies
  • Materials
    • Paper
    • Vellum
  • Groups
    • National & Regional Botanical Art Societies
    • Florilegium Societies & Other Groups
    • Botanical Art Groups on Facebook
  • Botany
    • Why botany matters to artists
    • Botany Books for artists >
      • Botany for the Artist (Simblet)
      • The Art of Plant Evolution
      • The Concise British Flora in Colour (1965)
    • Scientific botanical illustration
    • Plant Forms and Anatomy
    • Plant Evolution and Taxonomy
    • Plant Names and Botanical Latin
    • Botanical Dictionaries
    • How to Identify Plants
    • Recording a Plant / Sketchbooks >
      • Plant Pressing for your own Herbarium
    • Botanic Gardens & Herbaria >
      • Global and National Networks
      • Herbaria, Seed Banks and Fungaria
      • Botanic Gardens in the UK >
        • Old Botanic & Physic Gardens in London
      • Botanic Gardens in Ireland
      • Botanic Gardens in Europe
      • Botanic Gardens in the USA
      • Botanic Gardens in Canada
      • Botanic Gardens in Asia
      • Botanic Gardens in Australia
    • Blogs about Plants and Flowers
  • Contact
    • About Katherine Tyrrell
    • About Reviews
    • Privacy Policy